https://youtu.be/4TYunYIFQVk

Video Lesson - OWE - Ordinary Working Expenses

Video Lesson 

on OWE - Ordinary Working Expenses i.e., Erstwhile 3 to 13 Demands (Now renamed as SMH - Sub Major Heads 1 to 11 under Major Head 3002 - Indian Railways Working Expenses - Commercial Lines.

Operating Ratio - Video Lesson

Video Lesson on Operating Ratio 

This video is part one of Operating Ratio series. It's just an introduction . The forth coming ones are 1)How solve, if suspense figure is minus 2) Finding the Net revenue/Net Receipts/Surplus 3) Distributing the Surplus to various existing Funds like DF, CF.,etc. 4) calculating the percentage of net receipts to the (Capital at charge & Investments from capital fund) 5) Do It Yourself practicals on Operating Ratio.

Differences between Bad Debts and Doubtful Debts in Book keeping

Book Keeping  - 5 marks question asked in 1983 & 2004

Differences between

Bad debts	Doubtful debts
1. There is no possibility that a money will be collected from the Debtors.	1. There is a possibility that the money will be collect from Debtors.
2. Bad debt has a direct relation with the doubtful debt because when the possibility to collect money ends, a bad debt occurs.	2. Doubtful debt doesn’t depend on the bad debt.
3. A bad debt is written off and it is accounted as an expense in the Profit and Loss account duly deduct from Sundry Debtors in the Balance Sheet or adjust in the Provision for Bad and Doubtful Debts.	3. As a precaution, Company creats a Provision/ Reserve (certain percentage of Total debtors value) by debited to Profit and Loss Account and deduct the Same from Sundry Debtors.  Here it is not an expense, but as a Reserve.

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Differences between Journal & Ledger

Book Keeping  - 5 marks question asked in 1995 & 2016

Differences between

Journal	Ledger
1. Book of Original entry	1. Book of Final entry
2. It is a Subsidiary Book	2. It is a Principal Book
3.  It is prepared from the  vouchers, receipts, bills, etc	3. It is prepared from the Journal.
4. Transactions are recorded in the journal in chronological order.	4. Transactions are posted in the ledger in classified form.
5.Narration is required	5. Narration not required
6.There is no scope for balancing the Journal	6. Balancing the Ledger is must
7. Journal is the Basis for Ledger.	7. Ledger is the basis for Final Accounts i.e., Profit & Loss Account and Balance Sheet.
8. In journal, ledger folio (L.F.) is written.	8. In ledger,  journal folio (J.F.) is written.
9. Recording of the transactions in the journal is called journalizing.	9. Recording of transactions in the ledger is called posting.

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