Bookkeeping - Accounting Cycle
(Miniature Model)
Five Stages
1.      
Transactions
2.      
Journal Entries
3.      
Ledger
4.      
Trial Balance
5.      
Final Accounts
1.        Transactions in ABC Ltd.
·        
Started Business with Rs. 100
·        
Cash Purchases – Rs. 50 (50 units)
·        
Cash Sales 
-  Rs. 60  (40 units) 
·        
Wages – Rs. 5
·        
Salaries – Rs. 5
·        
Furniture purchased – Rs. 20
·        
Depreciation on Furniture – Rs. 5
·        
Loan from Krishna – Rs. 20
·        
Interest on Loan – Rs. 2
            
Adjustments: Closing Stock – Rs. 10
2.       Journal Entries
| 
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   LF  | 
  
   Dr  | 
  
   Cr  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Cash A/c Dr   To Capital  | 
  
   | 
  
   100  | 
  
   100  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Purchases A/c Dr   To Cash  | 
  
   | 
  
   50  | 
  
   50  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Cash A/c Dr   To Sales  | 
  
   | 
  
   60  | 
  
   60  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Wages A/c Dr   To cash   | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
  
   5  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Salaries A/c Dr   To Cash  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
  
   5  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Furniture A/c Dr   To cash  | 
  
   | 
  
   20  | 
  
   20  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Depreciation A/c Dr   To Furniture  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
  
   5  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Cash A/c Dr   To Krishna  | 
  
   | 
  
   20  | 
  
   20  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Interest A/c  Dr   To Cash  | 
  
   | 
  
   2  | 
  
   2  | 
 
3.       Ledger
Capital
A/c
| 
   Dr  | 
  
   | 
  
   Cr  | 
 ||||||
| 
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
  
   | 
  
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Balance c/d  | 
  
   | 
  
   100  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   By Cash  | 
  
   | 
  
   100  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   100  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   100  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   By Balance b/d  | 
  
   | 
  
   100  | 
 
Cash A/c
| 
   Dr  | 
  
   | 
  
   Cr  | 
 ||||||
| 
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
  
   | 
  
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Capital  | 
  
   | 
  
   100  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   By Purchases  | 
  
   | 
  
   50  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Sales  | 
  
   | 
  
   60  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   By Wages  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Krishna  | 
  
   | 
  
   20  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   By Salaries  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   By Furniture  | 
  
   | 
  
   20  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   By Interest  | 
  
   | 
  
   2  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   By Balance c/d  | 
  
   | 
  
   98  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   180  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   180  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Balance b/d  | 
  
   | 
  
   98  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
Purchases
A/c
| 
   Dr  | 
  
   | 
  
   Cr  | 
 ||||||
| 
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
  
   | 
  
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Cash  | 
  
   | 
  
   50  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   50  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
Sales
A/c
| 
   Dr  | 
  
   | 
  
   Cr  | 
 ||||||
| 
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
  
   | 
  
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   By Cash  | 
  
   | 
  
   60  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   60  | 
 
Wages
A/c
| 
   Dr  | 
  
   | 
  
   Cr  | 
 ||||||
| 
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
  
   | 
  
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To cash  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
Salaries
A/c
| 
   Dr  | 
  
   | 
  
   Cr  | 
 ||||||
| 
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
  
   | 
  
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To cash  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
Furniture
A/c
| 
   Dr  | 
  
   | 
  
   Cr  | 
 ||||||
| 
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
  
   | 
  
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Cash  | 
  
   | 
  
   20  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   By  Depreciation  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   By Balance c/d  | 
  
   | 
  
   15  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   20  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   20  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Balance b/d  | 
  
   | 
  
   15  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
Depreciation
A/c
| 
   Dr  | 
  
   | 
  
   Cr  | 
 ||||||
| 
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
  
   | 
  
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Furniture  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
Krishna
A/c
| 
   Dr  | 
  
   | 
  
   Cr  | 
 ||||||
| 
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
  
   | 
  
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Balance c/d  | 
  
   | 
  
   20  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   By Cash  | 
  
   | 
  
   20  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   20  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   20  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   By Balance b/d  | 
  
   | 
  
   20  | 
 
Interst
A/c
| 
   Dr  | 
  
   | 
  
   Cr  | 
 ||||||
| 
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
  
   | 
  
   Date  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   JF  | 
  
   Amount  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Cash  | 
  
   | 
  
   2  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   2  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
4.       Trial Balance
                                                                                Trial
Balance
| 
   SN  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   LF  | 
  
   Dr  | 
  
   Cr  | 
 
| 
   1  | 
  
   Capital  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   100  | 
 
| 
   2  | 
  
   Cash  | 
  
   | 
  
   98  | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   3  | 
  
   Purchases  | 
  
   | 
  
   50  | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   4  | 
  
   Sales  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   60  | 
 
| 
   5  | 
  
   Wages  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   6  | 
  
   Salaries  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   7  | 
  
   Furniture  | 
  
   | 
  
   15  | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   8  | 
  
   Krishna  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   20  | 
 
| 
   9  | 
  
   Depreciation  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   10  | 
  
   Interest  | 
  
   | 
  
   2  | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   180  | 
  
   180  | 
 
5.       Final Accounts
                                               Trading
A/c of ABC ltd for the year ending______
| 
   Dr  | 
  
   | 
  
   Cr  | 
 ||||||
| 
   SN  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   | 
  
   Amount  | 
  
   | 
  
   SN  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   | 
  
   Amount  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Purchases  | 
  
   | 
  
   50  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   By Sales  | 
  
   | 
  
   60  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Wages  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   By Closing Stock  | 
  
   | 
  
   10  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Gross Profit  (c/d to P & L A/c)  | 
  
   | 
  
   15  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   70  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   70  | 
 
                                                                 
Profit & Loss A/c of ABC Ltd for the year ending____
| 
   Dr  | 
  
   | 
  
   Cr  | 
 ||||||
| 
   SN  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   | 
  
   Amount  | 
  
   | 
  
   SN  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   | 
  
   Amount  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Salaries  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   By Net Profit (b/d from Trading A/c)  | 
  
   | 
  
   15  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Depreciation  | 
  
   | 
  
   5  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Interest  | 
  
   | 
  
   2  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   To Net Profit (C/d to Capital)  | 
  
   | 
  
   3  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   15  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   15  | 
 
                                                        
Balance Sheet of ABC ltd as on 31st March _____
| 
   Liabilities  | 
  
   | 
  
   Assets  | 
 ||||||
| 
   SN  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   | 
  
   Amount  | 
  
   | 
  
   SN  | 
  
   Particulars  | 
  
   | 
  
   Amount  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Capital  | 
  
   100  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   Furniture  | 
  
   | 
  
   15  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   + Net Profit  | 
  
   3  | 
  
   103  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   Cash  | 
  
   | 
  
   98  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Sundry Creditors  | 
  
   | 
  
   20  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   Closing Stock  | 
  
   | 
  
   10  | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
 
| 
   | 
  
   Total  | 
  
   | 
  
   123  | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   | 
  
   123  |