Reservations - Vertical
Vs Horizontal
By Smt Sangeetha, Ch.OS/personnel/SCR
Vertical Reservations
Reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other
Backward Classes and EWS is referred to as vertical reservation. It applies
separately for each of the groups specified under the law. This is mentioned in
Article 16(A) of the Indian Constitution.
Horizontal Reservations
It refers to the equal opportunity provided to other categories of beneficiaries such as women, individuals with disabilities and Ex Service men, cutting through the vertical categories. It comes under Article 15(3), 16(1) ,309 resp.of the Indian Constitution.
Difference
between
|
Basis |
Vertical Reservation |
Horizontal Reservation |
|
Constitutional Basis |
Article 16(4) of Constitution of India |
Articles 15(3), 16(1),309 of Constitution of India |
|
Categories Covered |
SC, ST, OBC, EWS |
Women, PwD, Ex-servicemen, etc. |
|
Nature |
Social backwardness-based |
Special provision / affirmative action |
|
Competition for Open Seats |
Allowed Candidates can compete in general merit |
Not separately applicable |
|
Merit Adjustment |
Candidates selected on merit in open category are not
counted against reserved quota |
Candidates selected on merit are counted towards
horizontal quota |
|
Effect on Quota |
Reserved quota remains intact even if candidates are
selected on merit |
No separate expansion of quota; adjusted within vertical
categories |
|
Application Method |
Applied independently to each category |
Applied within each vertical category |
|
Filling Procedure |
Direct allocation to categories |
Two-step process: first fill vertical quota, then adjust
horizontal quota |
|
Example |
SC/ST candidate selected on merit will not reduce SC/ST
quota |
SC woman selected on merit counts towards SC women quota |
|
Key Principle |
“Meritorious reserved candidate does not consume reserved
quota” |
“Meritorious candidate satisfies horizontal quota” |
Cabinet Committees are:
1. Appointments Committee of the Cabinet.
2. Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs.
3. Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs.
4. Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth.
5. Cabinet Committee on Security.
6. Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs.
7. Cabinet Committee on Employment & Skill Development.
8. Cabinet Committee on Accommodation.
Note: The number and names of Cabinet Committees are not fixed and may change from time to time by executive order.
All committees are headed by Prime Minister, except Cabinet Committee on Accommodation and Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs
Objects:
To lessen the enormous workload of the Cabinet.
Facilitate an in-depth examination of policy issues
Principle of division of labour and effective delegation
Frame proposals for the Cabinet’s consideration
Also take decisions, but of course, Cabinet can review such decisions.
Difference between Council of Ministers (COM) & Cabinet Committee
COM - Council of Ministers is a Constitutional body by the Articles 74 & 75 of Constitution of India
Where as Cabinet committee is an extra constitutional body (not mentioned in the Constitution of India) set up under the Government of India (Transaction of Business) Rules, 1961 framed under Article 77 of the Constitution.
Note: Cabinet Committees are empowered to take decisions on behalf of the Cabinet, though such decisions are subject to review by the Cabinet.
कैबिनेट समितियाँ हैं:
1. कैबिनेट की नियुक्ति समिति।
2. आर्थिक मामलों की कैबिनेट समिति।
3. राजनीतिक मामलों की कैबिनेट समिति।
4. निवेश और विकास पर कैबिनेट समिति।
5. सुरक्षा पर कैबिनेट समिति।
6. संसदीय मामलों की कैबिनेट समिति।
7. रोजगार और कौशल विकास पर कैबिनेट समिति।
8. आवास पर कैबिनेट समिति।
नोट: कैबिनेट समितियों की संख्या और नाम निश्चित नहीं हैं और समय-समय पर कार्यकारी आदेश द्वारा बदले जा सकते हैं।
आवास पर कैबिनेट समिति और संसदीय मामलों की कैबिनेट समिति को छोड़कर, सभी समितियों की अध्यक्षता प्रधानमंत्री करते हैं।
उद्देश्य:
कैबिनेट के भारी कार्यभार को कम करना।
नीतिगत मुद्दों की गहन जाँच को सुगम बनाना।
श्रम विभाजन और प्रभावी प्रत्यायोजन का सिद्धांत।
कैबिनेट के विचारार्थ प्रस्ताव तैयार करना।
निर्णय लेना भी शामिल है, लेकिन निश्चित रूप से, कैबिनेट ऐसे निर्णयों की समीक्षा कर सकता है।
मंत्रिपरिषद (COM) और कैबिनेट समिति के बीच अंतर
COM - मंत्रिपरिषद भारत के संविधान के अनुच्छेद 74 और 75 के अनुसार एक संवैधानिक निकाय है।
जबकि कैबिनेट समिति एक अतिरिक्त संवैधानिक निकाय (भारत के संविधान में उल्लिखित नहीं) है, जिसकी स्थापना संविधान के अनुच्छेद 77 के अंतर्गत बनाए गए भारत सरकार (कार्य संचालन) नियम, 1961 के अंतर्गत की गई है।
नोट: कैबिनेट समितियों को कैबिनेट की ओर से निर्णय लेने का अधिकार है, हालाँकि ऐसे निर्णय कैबिनेट द्वारा समीक्षा के अधीन होते हैं।
समाप्त
Date of Run: Thursday, August 7, 2025 — Indian Railways successfully operated its longest freight train to date.
Train Name: Rudrastra, a record-breaking freight train.
Composition: 6 BOXN rakes coupled together. Total of 354 wagons.
Hauled by 7 locomotives (engines).
Length: Approximately 4.5 km long.
Route & Distance: Ran from Ganjkhwaja (DDU division) to Garhwa Road, spanning ~200 km.
Part of the journey was on the Dedicated Freight Corridor, then continued on regular tracks.
Duration & Speed: Covered the distance in about 5 hours with an average speed of ~40 km/h.
Record Status: Now holds the title of India’s longest freight train, surpassing the previous record (e.g., “Super Vasuki” at ~3.5 km).
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रुद्रस्त्र
चलाने की तिथि: गुरुवार, 7 अगस्त, 2025 — भारतीय रेलवे ने अब तक की अपनी सबसे लंबी मालगाड़ी का सफलतापूर्वक संचालन किया।
ट्रेन का नाम: रुद्रस्त्र, एक रिकॉर्ड तोड़ने वाली मालगाड़ी।
संरचना: 6 BOXN रेक एक साथ जुड़े हुए। कुल 354 वैगन।
7 लोकोमोटिव (इंजन) द्वारा खींची गई।
लंबाई: लगभग 4.5 किमी।
मार्ग और दूरी: गंजख्वाजा (डीडीयू डिवीजन) से गढ़वा रोड तक लगभग 200 किमी की दूरी तय की।
यात्रा का कुछ हिस्सा डेडिकेटेड फ्रेट कॉरिडोर पर था, फिर नियमित पटरियों पर जारी रहा।
अवधि और गति: लगभग 40 किमी/घंटा की औसत गति से लगभग 5 घंटे में दूरी तय की।
रिकॉर्ड स्थिति: अब भारत की सबसे लंबी मालगाड़ी का खिताब अपने नाम कर लिया है, जिसने पिछले रिकॉर्ड (जैसे, लगभग 3.5 किमी लंबी "सुपर वासुकी") को पीछे छोड़ दिया है।
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Named as “Super Vasuki” - runs on 15th August, 2022 (75th Independence Day Anniversary)
As per mythology, Vasuki is famous for coiling around Shiva's neck, who blessed and wore him as an ornament. Vasuki took part in the incident of Samudra Manthana by allowing both the devas and the asuras to bind him to Mount Mandara, so that they could use him as their churning rope to extract the amrita from the ocean of milk.
By amalgamating Five rakes of freight trains as One Unit
Length of the Train - 3.5 KMs
Operated by SECR - South Eastern Central Railways, which is the most profitable Zonal Railway in IR.
Covered the distance of 224 KMs between Bhilai and Korba in 11 Hours.
6 Locomotives and 295 Wagons - 25,962 Tonnes of Coal carried
One Loco Pilot, One Assistant Loco Pilot and One Train Manager (Guard)
Using the Latest technology i.e., DPCS - Distributed Power Control System. That is the leading (front) diesel loco (engine) controlled the entire train along with the simultaneous functioning of the rear loco through electronic transmission while running on the rail network.
Earlier Records
Super Anaconda - 2 KMs long - 3 Locomotives -177 Loaded Wagons
Shesh-Naag - 251 empty wagons - 2.8 KMs long - 4 Locomotives -260 Kms from Nagpur to Korba
Material for MCQ
India’s Longest freight train so far (as on 14.08.2025) -Rudrastra
DPCS stands for Distributed Power Control System
End -
OSOP - One Station One Product
Source: CC 12 of 2022
Launched in Union Budget 2022–23
Objective: Promote Vocal for Local. Part of Atma Nirbhar Project
Market access for local/indigenous products
Passenger experience of local culture
Income support to marginalized sections
Outlets: kiosks / stalls / trolleys at stations
Products: handicrafts, textiles, garments, local food
GI (Geographical Indication) products preferred
Approved by DRM (Divisional Railway Manager)
Avoid conflict with existing catering stalls
Priority: artisans, SHGs (Self Help Groups), weaker sections
Registration fee: ₹1000 (15 days allotment)
Termination for violation; 24 hrs to vacate
Fee non-refundable after allotment
