Kavach - ATP - Automatic Train Protection

 

Kavach - ATP - Automatic Train Protection

• An indigenous ATP - Automatic Train Protection system

 

• As part of TCAS - Train Collision Avoidance System  

 

• Developed by RDSO - Research, Designs & Standards Organization, Lucknow in association with Indian Industry players.

 

• Object: to boost safety in trains operations 

 

• Kavach - literally means Protection or Shield  

 

• How it works: It is a set of electronic devices and RFID - Radio Frequency Identification Devices installed in locomotives, in the signaling system as well the tracks, that talk to each other using ultra-high radio frequencies to control the brakes of trains and also alert drivers.  

 

• Costing Rs.30 Lakh to 50 Lakh Kilometer (European Train Protection and Warning System costing approx Rs. 2 Crores per Kilometer.)

• A part of AatmaNirbhar Bharat Abhiyan 

 

• State of the Art electronic system. SIL - 4 certification.  Safety Integrity Level 4 certified technologies.  That means the probability of 1 error in 10,000 years. 

 

• Chances of export of this Kavach technology for Railways.  

 

Salient features: 

1. Prevention of SPAD - Signal Passing at Danger 

2. Continuous update of Movement Authority with a display of signal aspects in Driver Machine Interface (DMI) / Loco Pilot operation cum Indication Panel (LPOCIP)

3. Automatic Braking for Prevention of Over Speeding

4. Auto Whistling while approaching Level Crossing Gates

5. Prevention of collision between two Locomotives equipped with functional KAVACH

6. SoS Messages during emergency situations

7. Centralized live monitoring of Train movements through the Network Monitor System.

8. Automatically reduced the speed to 30 Kmph from 60 Kmph as the locomotive entered the loop line.

Priority for introducing Kavach in Indian Railways

Priority	Routes
First	High-Density Routes of New Delhi - Mumbai and New Delhi - Howrah sections for 160 kmph with Automatic Block Signaling & CTC - Centralized Traffic Control
Second	Highly Used Networks with Automatic Block Signaling & CTC - Centralized Traffic Control
Third	Other Passenger High-Density Routes with Automatic Block Signaling
Fourth	All other Routes

• 96% of railway Traffic is carried on Indian Railway High-Density Network and Highly Used Network routes.

 

• 2022-23 FY Target: To cover 2000 KMs 

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Book of Sanctions – BOS

 Book of Sanctions – BOS

•  Definition: Compilation of particulars of all Sanctioned posts of an accounting unit 

 

• Consists of Permanent and Temporary or Work charged Posts of a particular year.

• Object: Ready reference book of all sanctioned posts /Temporary posts for payment of Salary, Listing of vacancies, promotions etc

• Important for Man Power Planning (MPP) 

 

• Prepared by Personnel Dept at the beginning of the Financial Year.  

 

• The BOS prepared by Personnel Department is verified and certified by the concerned Branch Officer (executive officer)  and Accounts Officer.  

•  All the three Branch Officers ie Personnel, Executive Officer, and Accounts Officer sign this document. 

•  The memorandum’s number and date of Creation of posts / Surrender of posts are also shown in this document.  

•  All the posts created and surrendered in the previous year are taken into account for the preparation of this document. 

•  In the case of Temporary or work-charged posts – The date of Sanction and Date of Expiry are also mentioned against each one. 

• Very important document and to be kept up to date.

•  BOS – Columns like Safety, Non-Safety, and Trainee wise

• Consists of  the columns of Railway/Dept/Designation/Division/Grade/Safety, Non safety & Trainees/Sanction/Temporary/Work charged/Total/On Roll/Vacancies 

• The total number of employees should not exceed the number of posts shown in the BOS. 

• BOS is the basis for surrendering the unrequired posts. 

•   The money value of Surrendered Posts  - used for the creation of posts in Safety and operational categories for the New Assets. 

Key points for MCQ of BOS: 

1. BOS stands for Book Of Sanctions 

2. Prepared by the Personnel Dept 

3. Should be signed by the 3 Officers of Personnel Dept, Executive Dept & Accounts Dept. 

4. Prepared at the beginning of the year. 

5. An important document for MPP 

6. MPP stands for Man Power Planning

7. The basis for surrendering unrequired posts. 

8.  The money value of surrendering posts - utilized for the creation of posts in Safety & Operational categories of New Assets 

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Railway Budget 2022-23 Analysis

 FY 2022-23 Railway Budget - Analysis 

SN	Receipts	Amount  (Rs. in Crores)	Percentage		SN	Expenditure	Amount  (Rs. in Crores)	Percentage
1	Coaching Earnings	64500	27 %		1	Ordinary Working Expenses	170264.49	73 %
2	Goods Earnings	165000	69 %		2	Appropriation to Pension Fund	60000	26 %
3	Sundry Earnings	10000	4 %		3	Appropriation to DRF	2000	1 %
4	Gross Earnings (1+2+3)	239500	100 %		4	Total Working Expenses (1+2+3)	232264.49	100 %
5	Suspense	100			5	Suspense	(-)  264.49
6	Gross Traffic Receipts (4+5)	239600			6	Gross Expenditure (4+5)	232000
7	Misc Receipts	400			7	Misc. Expenditure	2640
8	Total Receipts (6+7)	240000			8	Total Expenditure	234640

Operating Ratio:

Operating Ratio = Total Working Expenses / Gross Earnings x 100

Operating Ratio = 232264.49 / 239500 x 100

Operating Ratio = 96.98 %    

Net Revenue:

Net Revenue = Total Receipts - Total Expenditure

Net Revenue = 240000 - 234640 

Net Revenue = Rs. 5360 Crores

Appropriation of Net Revenue - Rs. 5360 Crores

Fund	Amount  (Rs. in Crores)
Development Fund	1000
Capital Fund	2360
RRSK	2000
Net Revenue Total	5360

Nil appropriations to RSF - Railway Safety Fund, Debt Service Fund 

Rupee incoming

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Rupee outgoing

Railway Capex 2022-23 

  Capex - Capital Expenditure - Rs. 2,45,800 Crores

TAC - Track Access Charges

 TAC - Track Access Charges

• Definition: Charges payable by user for access to the Rail Network. 

 

• A Concession Agreement signed between DFCCIL - Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Ltd, an SPV - Special Purpose Vehicle and Indian Railways in 2014.  Under this agreement, Indian Railways will pay TAC to the DFCCIL for accessing the track constructed by the latter.

• TAC - Two part Tariff  (decided after examining the practices followed by different Railways of the world where ownership of infrastructure (i.e., DFCCIL) has been separated from the user of the infrastructure (i.e., Indian Railways & other Private users)

1.  Fixed Component (Depreciation, Cost of the Capital i.e., Interest)  - will be payable irrespective of volume of traffic

2. Variable Component (Traction charges, staff costs, material costs)   -  will be payable based on volume of traffic in terms of 000 GTKM 

  

• Part of these TAC, will be utilized by DFCCIL to pay back loans availed to develop Dedicated Freight Corridors to World Bank and JICA - Japanese International Cooperation Agency. 

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