Differences between FIRR & EIRR

 

Differences between FIRR and EIRR

Aspect	FIRR	EIRR
Stands for	Financial Internal Rate of Return	Economic Internal Rate of Return
Definition	Measures the return on investment based on actual cash inflows and outflows from the perspective of the investor or organization.	Measures the overall economic benefit to society, including externalities and indirect benefits/costs.
Focus	Financial viability of the project for the implementing agency.	Economic desirability of the project for the society as a whole.
Costs Considered	Only financial costs (capital, operating, maintenance).	Includes financial costs plus social and environmental externalities.
Benefits Considered	Only monetary returns (e.g., revenue, savings).	Both monetary and non-monetary benefits (e.g., time savings, environmental improvements).
Subsidies/Taxes	Included in the calculation.	Excluded, as they are transfers and not real resource costs.
Discount Rate	Based on the cost of capital or desired return.	Based on social discount rate (usually lower).
Example	A railway project yields FIRR of 10% based on ticket revenues and costs.	The same railway project has an EIRR of 18% when time savings for passengers and reduced pollution are included.

PERT & CPM ( Management Accounting )

 PERT & CPM

• PERT Stands for Program Evaluation Review Technique 

 

• Meaning: Concise visualization of all the individual tasks ( or operations) to complete a given Project. 

• Individual tasks divided into i) Events  ii)  Activities 

• All are placed in Sequential Order 

• Various time estimates are prepared for each activity. 

• The Sequence in which the activities are scheduled to be performed to create “PATHS” from the beginning to end of the Project. 

• The time required by the “PATHS” is determined by totaling the time for each activity along the path.   

• Total 3 Estimation Techniques

1. Most Likely (TM)  - Probable duration  

 

2. Optimistic  (TO) – Shortest duration

3. Pessimistic (TP) – Longest duration 

• PERT formulae   =   TO + (4 x TM) + TP / 6 

 

• Example:  TM – 15 days,  TO – 10 days & TP – 25 days          

PERT =  {10 + ( 4 x 15) + 25}  = 10 + 60 + 25 = 95 / 6 = 16 days  

• Critical Path Method (CPM) :  Longest time path through the network will control the schedule for the entire project. 

• PERT & CPM – Both used to scheduling the Organization and coordinating the Project.   

Events	Predecessor
1	-
2	1
3	1
4	1
5	2, 3
6	4, 5

Differences between

PERT	CPM
1.Unpredictable	1. Predictable
2. Non Repetitive	2. Repetitive
3. Suitable for R & D	3. Suitable for Batch Costing  (Rolling stock production)
4.  Time only taken into account. But Cost will not be considered.	4, Both Time & Cost will be  considered
5. Activities represented as Lines & the  Nodes Representing the Branching  Structure	5. Activities are represented as Nodes
6. Total 3 Estimates.  A. Optimistic   B. Pessimistic  C. Most likely	6. Only one estimate i.e., Longest path
7. Only one type of Activity Relationship  i.e., Finish to Start	7. Total 4 types of Activity Relationships.   A. Finish to Start  B. Start to Start C. Finish to Finish  D. Start to Finish

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MCQ Practice 30 AFA 70% CBT 2024 Question Paper

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MCQ Practice 30 AFA 70% CBT 2024 Question Paper

Syllabus for AFA Post - LDCE

 Syllabus for AFA Post - LDCE 

• Authority: Railway Board Letter No. E(GP)/2022/2/4 dated 22.07.2022  Click for the Railway Board letter 

SN	Topic	Marks	Marks
1	General Principles of Government Accounting and Audit with Special reference to Railways	15
2	Books & Budget including Traffic Book	15
3	Traffic Accounts & Statistics	15
4	Establishment	15
5	General Expenditure	15
6	Workshop Accounts	15
7	Stores Accounts	15
	Professional Subject	105	105 Marks
9	General Knowledge	25
10	Official Language (Optional)	15	40 Marks
	Part II	40	40 Marks
11	Part III - Management Accounts & Financial Justification for Expenditure	30	30 Marks
	Grand Total		175 Marks

  

Comparison of New Pattern with 175 marks with old pattern i.e., 2 Papers with 150 Marks each

Old Pattern		New Pattern		Change
Topic	Marks	Topic	Marks
General Knowledge	25 Marks	General Knowledge	25 Marks	No change
English	25 Marks	English	Nil	Removed English portion. Reduced 25 Marks
Official Language	15 Marks	Official Language	15 Marks	No change
General Principles of Government Accounting and Audit with Special reference to Railways	50 Marks	General Principles of Government Accounting and Audit with Special reference to Railways	15 Marks	Reduced 35 Marks
Books & Budget including Traffic Book	50 Marks	Books & Budget including Traffic Book	15 Marks	Reduced 35 Marks
Financial Justification for Expenditure	25 Marks	Financial Justification for Expenditure	15 Marks	Reduced 10 Marks
Management Accounting	25 Marks	Management Accounting	15 Marks	Reduced 10 Marks
Traffic Costing	25 Marks	Traffic Costing	Nil	Reduced 25 Marks
Traffic Accounts & Statistics (optional)	50 Marks	Traffic Accounts & Statistics (Compulsory)	15 Marks	Reduced 35 Marks
Establishment (Optional)	50 Marks	Establishment (Compulsory)	15 Marks	Reduced 25 Marks
General Expenditure (Optional)	50 Marks	General Expenditure (Compulsory)	15 Marks	Reduced 35 Marks
Stores Accounts (Optional)	25 Marks	Stores Accounts (Compulsory)	15 Marks	Reduced 10 Marks
Workshop Accounts (Optional)	25 Marks	Workshop Accounts (Compulsory)	15 Marks	Reduced 10 Marks