Railway Accounts Department Examinations

Showing posts with label AFA. Show all posts
Showing posts with label AFA. Show all posts

Wednesday, May 21, 2025

Differences between FIRR & EIRR

 

Differences between FIRR and EIRR

Aspect

FIRR

EIRR 

Stands for 

Financial Internal Rate of Return

Economic Internal Rate of Return

Definition

Measures the return on investment based on actual cash inflows and outflows from the perspective of the investor or organization.

Measures the overall economic benefit to society, including externalities and indirect benefits/costs.

Focus

Financial viability of the project for the implementing agency.

Economic desirability of the project for the society as a whole.

Costs Considered

Only financial costs (capital, operating, maintenance).

Includes financial costs plus social and environmental externalities.

Benefits Considered

Only monetary returns (e.g., revenue, savings).

Both monetary and non-monetary benefits (e.g., time savings, environmental improvements).

Subsidies/Taxes

Included in the calculation.

Excluded, as they are transfers and not real resource costs.

Discount Rate

Based on the cost of capital or desired return.

Based on social discount rate (usually lower).

Example

A railway project yields FIRR of 10% based on ticket revenues and costs.

The same railway project has an EIRR of 18% when time savings for passengers and reduced pollution are included.


Sunday, January 12, 2025

PERT & CPM ( Management Accounting )

 PERT & CPM

  • PERT Stands for Program Evaluation Review Technique 

 

  • Meaning: Concise visualization of all the individual tasks ( or operations) to complete a given Project. 


  • Individual tasks divided into i) Events  ii)  Activities 


  • All are placed in Sequential Order 


  • Various time estimates are prepared for each activity. 


  • The Sequence in which the activities are scheduled to be performed to create “PATHS” from the beginning to end of the Project. 


  • The time required by the “PATHS” is determined by totaling the time for each activity along the path.   


  • Total 3 Estimation Techniques


  1. Most Likely (TM)  - Probable duration  

 

  1. Optimistic  (TO) – Shortest duration


  1. Pessimistic (TP) – Longest duration 


  • PERT formulae   =   TO + (4 x TM) + TP / 6 

 

  • Example:  TM – 15 days,  TO – 10 days & TP – 25 days          


PERT =  {10 + ( 4 x 15) + 25}  = 10 + 60 + 25 = 95 / 6 = 16 days  


  • Critical Path Method (CPM) :  Longest time path through the network will control the schedule for the entire project. 


  • PERT & CPM – Both used to scheduling the Organization and coordinating the Project.   





Events

Predecessor

1

-

2

1

3

1

4

1

5

2, 3

6

4, 5


C:\Users\cherry\Downloads\PERT.jpeg












Differences between


PERT

CPM

1.Unpredictable

1. Predictable

2. Non Repetitive

2. Repetitive

3. Suitable for R & D

3. Suitable for Batch Costing 

(Rolling stock production)

4.  Time only taken into account.

But Cost will not be considered.

4, Both Time & Cost will be 

considered

5. Activities represented as Lines & the

 Nodes Representing the Branching

 Structure

5. Activities are represented as Nodes

6. Total 3 Estimates.  A. Optimistic

  B. Pessimistic  C. Most likely 

6. Only one estimate i.e., Longest path

7. Only one type of Activity Relationship

 i.e., Finish to Start

7. Total 4 types of Activity Relationships.

  A. Finish to Start  B. Start to Start

C. Finish to Finish  D. Start to Finish 


****


Tuesday, August 16, 2022

Syllabus for AFA Post - LDCE




 Syllabus for AFA Post - LDCE 




SN

Topic

Marks

Marks

1

General Principles of Government Accounting and Audit with Special reference to Railways

15


2

Books & Budget including Traffic Book

15


3

Traffic Accounts & Statistics

15


4

Establishment

15


5

General Expenditure

15


6

Workshop Accounts

15


7

Stores Accounts

15



Professional Subject

105

105 Marks





9

General Knowledge

25


10

Official Language (Optional)

15

40 Marks


Part II

40 

40 Marks





11

Part III - Management Accounts & Financial Justification for Expenditure

30

30 Marks






Grand Total


175 Marks


  






Comparison of New Pattern with 175 marks with old pattern i.e., 2 Papers with 150 Marks each





Old Pattern

New Pattern


Change

Topic

Marks

Topic

Marks

General Knowledge

25 Marks

General Knowledge

25 Marks

No change

English

25 Marks

English

Nil

Removed English portion. Reduced 25 Marks

Official Language

15 Marks

Official Language

15 Marks

No change

General Principles of Government Accounting and Audit with Special reference to Railways

50 Marks

General Principles of Government Accounting and Audit with Special reference to Railways

15 Marks

Reduced 35 Marks

Books & Budget including Traffic Book

50 Marks

Books & Budget including Traffic Book

15 Marks

Reduced 35 Marks

Financial Justification for Expenditure

25 Marks

Financial Justification for Expenditure

15 Marks

Reduced 10 Marks

Management Accounting

25 Marks

Management Accounting

15 Marks

Reduced 10 Marks

Traffic Costing

25 Marks

Traffic Costing

Nil

Reduced 25 Marks

Traffic Accounts & Statistics

(optional)

50 Marks

Traffic Accounts & Statistics

(Compulsory)

15 Marks

Reduced 35 Marks

Establishment

(Optional)

50 Marks

Establishment

(Compulsory)

15 Marks

Reduced 25 Marks

General Expenditure

(Optional)

50 Marks

General Expenditure

(Compulsory)

15 Marks

Reduced 35 Marks

Stores Accounts

(Optional)

25 Marks

Stores Accounts

(Compulsory)

15 Marks

Reduced 10 Marks

Workshop Accounts

(Optional)

25 Marks

Workshop Accounts

(Compulsory)

15 Marks

Reduced 10 Marks