Thursday, April 19, 2018
Wednesday, April 18, 2018
Differences between Sales suspense & Traffic Suspense
2016 year Books
& Budget (with books)
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
|
Sales Suspense
|
Traffic Suspense
|
|
1.
It
is a Capital Suspense Head.
|
1.
It
is a Revenue Suspense Head.
|
|
2.
It
is operated under Capital Expenditure( Plan Head 7100)
|
2.
It
is operated on Revenue Receipts
|
|
3.
Shown
as Debit balance (as Minus Debit in practical)
|
3.
It
is always having Debit balance
|
|
4.
CREDIT
-: When the sale proceeds is deposited /received.
DEBIT:
When sale issue note is accounted.
|
4.
Debit:
Accrued earnings.
Credit:
The realization of the Accrued earnings:
|
|
5.
Object:
Watching the realization of sale proceeds of Auction sales.
|
5.
Object:
Watching the realization of accrued/outstanding earnings
|
|
6. It is not a Link Head
|
6. It is a LINK head connecting between
Government accounts and Commercial
Accounts
|
Sunday, April 15, 2018
Development Order
Development Order
(2006
without books - General expenditure - short notes)
Ø Object:
To develop new sources or indigenous
(native) sources for development of Imported Items or for Major items to avoid monopoly / cartel .
Ø
Placement
of development orders should not be considered as routine but considered only
in the following situations:-
i) Where the approved sources are not adequate and
it is desirable to develop more sources for bringing in more competition or
improvement in quality.
ii) Where the rates received from the new sources
are lower than those applicable to approved sources and where new sources are
having potential for supply of quality material and are having infrastructure
of plant and machinery and testing equipment as per the quality assurance
programme.
Indigenous Development of
Imported Items.
Ø
Central/Regional Railway equipment
advisory committees has initiated the action duly inviting prospective
manufacturers to enter the field and produce prototypes( samples).
Ø Requirements: If annual
requirements are not enough for an new entrepreneur (industrialist) to develop
and absorb the expenses and there being
reluctance on the part of the firm to develop unless the quantity ordered is
worthwhile, Railways / Production Units may give an advance commitment to the
firm giving an assurance to the effect that orders for the following two/three
years will be placed on the new firms. But the order will be placed like as
follow.
Ø First Year: 100 % of requirements placed on new firm.
Ø Second year: 80 % of requirements placed on new firm. The remaining 20 % will be obtained through
open Tender.
Ø Third year: 60 % of requirements placed on new firm. The remaining 40 % will be obtained through
open Tender.
Ø Fourth Year and onwards : Through Open Tenders only.
Special features of
Development orders
ü No clause for Liquidated Damages. ( Because delays may be happened due to manufacture of items first time by
the firms)
ü
Extension of Delivery period should
be granted on a more liberal basis, at the discretion / prudence of the
Purchase Officer.
ü
In cases of
the late supplies and complete failures, the case should be decided on
merits. Resort to 'Risk Purchases'
should occur only in rare cases and generally if the Administrative
Officer concerned is satisfied that the party has made sincere efforts and yet
failed, the question of risk purchase should not arise.
ü
Price Escalation may be incorporated to
allow for variations in cost on account of Governmental action, i.e. Customs
Duty, Sales Tax-, as also basic raw materials such as 'Steel'.
ü
But no wage escalation clause should be
permitted.
ü To establish the indigenous manufacture of some items, import of some
raw materials may be required. If the
entrepreneur is not able to offer from his own open general licenses, the
purchaser may provide foreign exchange and recommend actual user import licence
for the requisite quantity of raw material.
*&^%%^&*
Negotiation
Negotiation
(Most
important short notes question for General Expenditure paper)
·
What is the meaning of Negotiation in general
? Discussion aimed at reaching an agreement is called Negotiation.
·
In Indian Railways Works tenders, Selection of contractors by
Negotiation is an exception rather than rule.
·
Normally, L-1 who is lowest, valid, eligible and technically
acceptable tenderer would have been awarded the Contract, if the rates were not
unreasonably high.
·
If rates were unreasonable high, decision whether to invite
fresh tender or to negotiate with L-1 should be taken by the Competent
authority on the recommendations of the Tender committee.
·
Negotiations with Tenderers other than L-1 are not permitted.
·
Further the rates originally quoted by L-1
shall remain open for acceptance in the
event of failure of negotiation
·
While conducting negotiations with tenderers
and obtaining revised rates and recommending the same for acceptance, the tender
committee should ensure that the fundamental requirements of safeguarding
Railway’s financial interest have been fully observed.
·
The above instructions may not be applied
rigidly to tenders for specialized works or equipments where tenderers may quote
according to their own specifications and designs for various reasons such as
improvement in technology etc. and it may become necessary to discuss technical
and other details with them to select the most suitable offer.
SUMMARY -
NEGOTIATION
1.
Means Discussion for securing better rates.
2.
Exceptionally used.
3.
Used when rates are reasonably high and
decided not to go for re tender.
4.
Negotiation with L-1 tenderer
only.
5.
Decided by Competent Authority
on the recommendation of Tender Committee.
6.
Original offer of L-1 Tenderer remains open
for acceptance, in case Negotiations are failed.
7.
The above instructions normally applied to
works of specialized nature or equipments.
8.
Overall, ensuring the safeguard
of Railways financial interest.
***
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