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MCQ of the Day 07.04.2026

 

MCQ of the Day 07.04.2026

AFA 2022 LDCE Question Paper - Workshop Accounts 

Q. Which of the following Statement is correct with reference to the Preventive Maintenance of Assets ?

1. To enhance the availability of the assets 

2. To enhance the reliability of the  Assets

Options: 

A. 1 only 

B. 2 only 

C. Both 1 & 2 only 

D. None of the given options

Answer: B. 2 only

Authority: 103 M- Rolling Stock Code Chapter 1 - Paragraph 3 excerpts:

While the manufacturing practices in the Workshops are shaped by the strategies that characterize the internationally acclaimed World class industries, the maintenance philosophy balances between the two extremes of –

A. Corrective maintenance: running the assets non-stop and attend only when they break down- thus enhancing availability at the cost of reliability.

B. Preventive maintenance: withdrawing from traffic for frequent and prolonged maintenance attention, enhancing reliability at the cost of availability.

DAR 1968 - Quasi - Judicial - Bilingual

 

DAR 1968

Definition of Quasi-Judicial

A quasi-judicial authority is an administrative body or officer that is not a court, but is required to act like a court while deciding cases—by examining facts, applying law, hearing both sides, and giving reasoned decisions.

In simple terms:

• It is “half judicial” (quasi = partly)

• Has court-like powers but limited jurisdiction

• Must follow judicial approach and natural justice

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DAR 1968 (Railway Servants Discipline & Appeal Rules, 1968)

The DAR is considered quasi-judicial in nature because disciplinary authorities, though administrative officers, are legally bound to act like judicial bodies.

Key Features Showing Quasi-Judicial Nature

• Principles of Natural Justice

  • “Hear the other side” (audi alteram partem) is mandatory

  • No decision without giving opportunity to defend

  • Fairness is compulsory in proceedings

• Formal Enquiry Procedure

  • Charge sheet → Inquiry → Evidence → Defence → Findings

  • Inquiry Officer acts similar to a judge

• Evidence-Based Findings

  • Decisions must rely on documents, witnesses, and records

  • No arbitrary or biased conclusions

• Speaking Orders (Reasoned Decisions)

  • Orders must contain clear reasons

  • Necessary for transparency and judicial review

• Adjudication of Rights

  • Determines employee’s rights, duties, and liabilities

  • Similar to dispute resolution by courts

• Right to Appeal & Revision

  • Multi-level system: Disciplinary → Appellate → Revisional Authority

  • Each authority re-examines legality and propriety

• Limited but Binding Powers

  • Authority confined to service matters

  • Decisions have legal consequences (penalties, dismissal, etc.)

• Subject to Judicial Review

  • Can be challenged before CAT (Central Administrative Tribunal) / Courts

  • Ensures accountability

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Conclusion

DAR proceedings are administrative in form but judicial in function. They involve hearing, evidence evaluation, application of rules, and reasoned decisions, thereby making them quasi-judicial in nature.

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### DAR 1966

#### अर्ध-न्यायिक (Quasi-Judicial) की परिभाषा

अर्ध-न्यायिक प्राधिकरण वह प्रशासनिक संस्था या अधिकारी होता है जो न्यायालय नहीं होता, लेकिन मामलों का निर्णय करते समय न्यायालय की तरह कार्य करता है—अर्थात तथ्यों की जांच, कानून का अनुप्रयोग, दोनों पक्षों को सुनना तथा कारणयुक्त निर्णय देना।

सरल शब्दों में:

* यह “आधा न्यायिक” (quasi = आंशिक) होता है

* इसमें न्यायालय जैसी शक्तियाँ होती हैं, पर सीमित अधिकार क्षेत्र के साथ

* इसे प्राकृतिक न्याय के सिद्धांतों का पालन करना अनिवार्य होता है

---

### DAR 1966 (रेलवे सेवक अनुशासन एवं अपील नियम, 1968)

DAR को अर्ध-न्यायिक प्रकृति का माना जाता है क्योंकि अनुशासनिक प्राधिकारी, प्रशासनिक अधिकारी होते हुए भी, न्यायालय जैसी प्रक्रिया अपनाने के लिए बाध्य होते हैं।

#### अर्ध-न्यायिक प्रकृति को दर्शाने वाली मुख्य विशेषताएँ

* प्राकृतिक न्याय के सिद्धांत

  * “दूसरे पक्ष को सुनना” (audi alteram partem) अनिवार्य

  * बिना अवसर दिए कोई निर्णय नहीं

  * कार्यवाही में निष्पक्षता आवश्यक

* औपचारिक जांच प्रक्रिया

  * आरोप पत्र → जांच → साक्ष्य → बचाव → निष्कर्ष

  * जांच अधिकारी न्यायाधीश की तरह कार्य करता है

* साक्ष्य आधारित निर्णय

  * निर्णय दस्तावेजों, गवाहों और अभिलेखों पर आधारित होना चाहिए

  * मनमाना या पक्षपातपूर्ण निर्णय स्वीकार्य नहीं

* कारणयुक्त आदेश (Speaking Orders)

  * प्रत्येक आदेश में स्पष्ट कारण होने चाहिए

  * पारदर्शिता और न्यायिक समीक्षा के लिए आवश्यक

* अधिकारों का निर्धारण

  * कर्मचारी के अधिकार, कर्तव्य एवं दायित्व तय किए जाते हैं

  * न्यायालय की तरह विवाद का निपटारा

* अपील एवं पुनरीक्षण का अधिकार

  * बहु-स्तरीय व्यवस्था: अनुशासनिक → अपीलीय → पुनरीक्षण प्राधिकारी

  * प्रत्येक स्तर पर वैधता और उपयुक्तता की जांच

* सीमित लेकिन बाध्यकारी शक्तियाँ

  * अधिकार केवल सेवा मामलों तक सीमित

  * निर्णय का कानूनी प्रभाव (दंड, बर्खास्तगी आदि)

* न्यायिक समीक्षा के अधीन

  * CAT (केंद्रीय प्रशासनिक अधिकरण) / न्यायालय में चुनौती दी जा सकती है

  * जवाबदेही सुनिश्चित होती है

---

### निष्कर्ष

DAR की कार्यवाही रूप में प्रशासनिक लेकिन कार्य में न्यायिक होती है। इसमें सुनवाई, साक्ष्य का मूल्यांकन, नियमों का अनुप्रयोग और कारणयुक्त निर्णय शामिल होते हैं, इसलिए इसे अर्ध-न्यायिक प्रकृति का माना जाता है।

---

Normalization in Railway LDCE Examinations - First time

The “normalisation process” mentioned in the Railway Board letter click for RB Letter is a statistical adjustment method used when an exam is conducted in multiple sessions/days 📊.

👉 Why is it needed?

When the same exam is held on different dates (like 24 May & 31 May), the difficulty level may not be exactly the same:

• One paper may be slightly tough

• Another may be slightly easy

👉 Without correction, candidates writing the easier paper may get an unfair advantage.

---

✅ Simple Meaning 

Normalisation = Adjusting marks so that all candidates are treated fairly, regardless of which day they wrote the exam.

---

🔍 Practical Example

Example 1: Two Exam Days

• Day 1 (24 May) → Paper is tough

  • Average marks: 40/100

• Day 2 (31 May) → Paper is easy

  • Average marks: 60/100

Now compare two candidates:

• Candidate A (Day 1): scored 50

• Candidate B (Day 2): scored 60

👉 At first glance, B looks better.
👉 But actually:

• A scored above average in a tough paper

• B scored average in an easy paper

✅ After normalisation:

• A’s marks may be increased

• B’s marks may be slightly reduced or adjusted

👉 So that both are judged on a common scale

---

Example 2: Real-Life Analogy 🎯

Think of it like this:

• One teacher sets a very difficult question paper

• Another sets an easy paper

If we compare raw marks directly, it is unfair.
So we adjust marks based on overall performance of each group.

---

⚙️ How it works (Conceptually)

Railways (like RRB exams) use:

• Average marks of each session

• Highest marks

• Distribution of scores

👉 Then apply a formula to bring all candidates onto a uniform level

(Exact formula is technical — not needed for exam purpose)

---

🎯 Key Takeaways (Exam-Oriented)

• Used when exam is conducted in multiple shifts/dates

• Ensures fairness & parity

• Based on relative performance, not just raw marks

• Common in RRB, SSC, Banking exams

---

⚠️ Important Insight for LDCE Candidates

👉 Don’t worry about:

• Which date you get

• Whether paper is tough or easy

👉 Focus on:

• Performing better than others in your session

Because finally, your rank depends on normalised score, not raw score ✔️

LDCE 2026 Exam - Revised Dates 24th May & 31st May 2026

 

Click for LDCE 2026 Exam Revised Dates - Railway Board Letter dated 02.04.2026