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GTKM vs NTKM

 

GTKM vs NTKM

Railway Terminology

GTKM (Gross Tonne Kilometre) 🚆

Standard Definition: Total weight of a train (including locomotive, wagons/coaches and payload) moved over one kilometre

It is a measure of total transport effort of Indian Railways

👉 Simple Practical Example:

Total train weight = 1,000 tonnes and Distance = 100 km

GTKM = 1,000 × 100 = 1,00,000 tonne-km

👉 Meaning: Railways use fuel, track capacity, and manpower to move entire train weight, not just goods

NTKM (Net Tonne Kilometre) 📦

Definition: Weight of only the paying load (goods/passengers) carried over one kilometre. It is a measure of earning output

👉 Simple Practical Example:

Goods weight = 600 tonnes and Distance = 100 km

NTKM = 600 × 100 = 60,000 tonne-km

👉 Meaning: Revenue is generated only from payload, not from engine or empty wagons

Key Difference (Exam Ready) 🎯

GTKM → Total weight moved (Effort)

NTKM → Paying load moved (Earnings)

Better Real-Life Analogy 🛻

A delivery truck travels 100 km

Total truck weight (vehicle + goods) = GTKM

Only goods inside the truck = NTKM

👉 Fuel is consumed for full truck weight (GTKM)

👉 Income comes from goods delivered (NTKM)

One Line Memory Trick 🧠

GTKM = Gross = Full train 

NTKM = Net = Only earning load

Sunday Zoom Meeting on 19th April, 2026 at 10 AM

 

MCQ Practice on Establishment Rules

Keep a notebook and pen ready to attempt sincerely and assess your real exam readiness.

Appendix3 Academy ( https://mcqrailways.com/ ) invites you to a scheduled 145th Zoom Weekly Sunday meeting. 

> Date: 19th April 2026 (Sunday) 

> Timings: 10 AM to 11:30 AM

> Topic: Establishment Rules - MCQ Practice of PYQ

Join Zoom Meeting

Click for joining Zoom Meeting

Meeting ID: 899 7297 8642

Passcode: sunday

All the best 👍

Vertical Reservation Vs Horizontal Reservation

Reservations - Vertical Vs Horizontal

By Smt Sangeetha, Ch.OS/personnel/SCR

Vertical Reservations

Reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes and EWS is referred to as vertical reservation. It applies separately for each of the groups specified under the law. This is mentioned in Article 16(A) of the Indian Constitution.

Horizontal Reservations

It refers to the equal opportunity provided to other categories of beneficiaries such as women, individuals with disabilities and Ex Service men, cutting through the vertical categories. It comes under Article 15(3), 16(1) ,309 resp.of the Indian Constitution.

                                                    Difference between

Basis	Vertical Reservation	Horizontal Reservation
Constitutional Basis	Article 16(4) of Constitution of India	Articles 15(3), 16(1),309 of Constitution of India
Categories Covered	SC, ST, OBC, EWS	Women, PwD, Ex-servicemen, etc.
Nature	Social backwardness-based	Special provision / affirmative action
Competition for Open Seats	Allowed Candidates can compete in general merit	Not separately applicable
Merit Adjustment	Candidates selected on merit in open category are not counted against reserved quota	Candidates selected on merit are counted towards horizontal quota
Effect on Quota	Reserved quota remains intact even if candidates are selected on merit	No separate expansion of quota; adjusted within vertical categories
Application Method	Applied independently to each category	Applied within each vertical category
Filling Procedure	Direct allocation to categories	Two-step process: first fill vertical quota, then adjust horizontal quota
Example	SC/ST candidate selected on merit will not reduce SC/ST quota	SC woman selected on merit counts towards SC women quota
Key Principle	“Meritorious reserved candidate does not consume reserved quota”	“Meritorious candidate satisfies horizontal quota”

 

Cabinet Committees (of Government of India)

 

Cabinet Committees are:

1. Appointments Committee of the Cabinet. 

2. Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs. 

3. Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs.

4. Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth.

5. Cabinet Committee on Security. 

6. Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs. 

7. Cabinet Committee on Employment & Skill Development. 

8. Cabinet Committee on Accommodation.

Note: The number and names of Cabinet Committees are not fixed and may change from time to time by executive order.

All committees are headed by Prime Minister, except Cabinet Committee on Accommodation and Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs

Objects: 

1. To lessen the enormous workload of the Cabinet. 

2. Facilitate an in-depth examination of policy issues

3. Principle of division of labour and effective delegation

4. Frame proposals for the Cabinet’s consideration

5. Also take decisions, but of course, Cabinet can review such decisions. 

Difference between Council of Ministers (COM) & Cabinet Committee

• COM - Council of Ministers is a Constitutional body by the Articles 74 & 75 of Constitution of India

• Where as Cabinet committee is an extra constitutional body (not mentioned in the Constitution of India) set up under the Government of India (Transaction of Business) Rules, 1961 framed under Article 77 of the Constitution. 

 Note: Cabinet Committees are empowered to take decisions on behalf of the Cabinet, though such decisions are subject to review by the Cabinet.

कैबिनेट समितियाँ हैं:

1. कैबिनेट की नियुक्ति समिति।

2. आर्थिक मामलों की कैबिनेट समिति।

3. राजनीतिक मामलों की कैबिनेट समिति।

4. निवेश और विकास पर कैबिनेट समिति।

5. सुरक्षा पर कैबिनेट समिति।

6. संसदीय मामलों की कैबिनेट समिति।

7. रोजगार और कौशल विकास पर कैबिनेट समिति।

8. आवास पर कैबिनेट समिति।

नोट: कैबिनेट समितियों की संख्या और नाम निश्चित नहीं हैं और समय-समय पर कार्यकारी आदेश द्वारा बदले जा सकते हैं।

आवास पर कैबिनेट समिति और संसदीय मामलों की कैबिनेट समिति को छोड़कर, सभी समितियों की अध्यक्षता प्रधानमंत्री करते हैं।

उद्देश्य:

1. कैबिनेट के भारी कार्यभार को कम करना।

2. नीतिगत मुद्दों की गहन जाँच को सुगम बनाना।

3. श्रम विभाजन और प्रभावी प्रत्यायोजन का सिद्धांत।

4. कैबिनेट के विचारार्थ प्रस्ताव तैयार करना।

5. निर्णय लेना भी शामिल है, लेकिन निश्चित रूप से, कैबिनेट ऐसे निर्णयों की समीक्षा कर सकता है।

मंत्रिपरिषद (COM) और कैबिनेट समिति के बीच अंतर

• COM - मंत्रिपरिषद भारत के संविधान के अनुच्छेद 74 और 75 के अनुसार एक संवैधानिक निकाय है।

• जबकि कैबिनेट समिति एक अतिरिक्त संवैधानिक निकाय (भारत के संविधान में उल्लिखित नहीं) है, जिसकी स्थापना संविधान के अनुच्छेद 77 के अंतर्गत बनाए गए भारत सरकार (कार्य संचालन) नियम, 1961 के अंतर्गत की गई है।

नोट: कैबिनेट समितियों को कैबिनेट की ओर से निर्णय लेने का अधिकार है, हालाँकि ऐसे निर्णय कैबिनेट द्वारा समीक्षा के अधीन होते हैं।

समाप्त